![]() ![]() Accepting a connection invitation from a forged profile might severely compromise the user's privacy, since the attacker gets access to a wealth of personal information and social relationships. Given that the creation of a forged user profile is not too complicated, it is challenging to verify if the contact re-quest is indeed genuine or from a forged account. In current online social networks (OSNs) such as Facebook, a new connection request usually only includes the name and photo of the requestor and possibly a list of mutual con-tacts. ![]() Moreover, the program enables the researchers to study the use of security systems under changing conditions of threats on users' assets and the reliability of the security methods being offered. Researchers can manipulate code lengths, button sizes, password expiration dates, passwords complexity and strength, system security policies and more. ![]() Specifically, the system enables the researcher to compare and study Personal Identification Number (PIN) authentication, a common security method in mobile devices, to graphical password authentication, a novel security method currently used in various smart phones. We offer an experimental system where participants play an investment game (main task) in which money allocation is preconditioned by various security procedures (supportive task). This is a source for concern, as malicious attacks on mobile devices become more frequent. The capabilities of mobile devices are rapidly evolving, but the methods to secure the devices remain relatively unchanged. In particular, we show that these schemes are subject to error rates between 0.6% and 52.8%. Our study reveals that the effectiveness of the existing proposals is highly dependent on the scenario they are used in. We collect and release the most comprehensive dataset in the domain to date, containing over 4250 hours of audio recordings and 1 billion sensor readings from three different scenarios, and evaluate five state-of-the-art schemes based on these data. In this paper, we address these challenges by conducting the first large-scale comparative study of ZIP and ZIA schemes, carried out under realistic conditions. In addition, drawing any comparison among the existing schemes is impossible due to the lack of a common public dataset and unavailability of scheme implementations. However, those schemes were often evaluated under conditions which do not reflect realistic IoT scenarios. Prior work proposed a number of ZIP and ZIA schemes and reported promising results. Recent research utilizes the rich sensing capabilities of smart devices to build security schemes operating without human interaction, such as zero-interaction pairing (ZIP) and zero-interaction authentication (ZIA). The Internet of Things (IoT) demands authentication systems which can provide both security and usability. Finally, we provide open research issues in the context of short-range audio channels security, calling for contributions from both academia and industry. Moreover, we also point out the strengths and weaknesses deriving from the use of short-range audio channels. To provide a rigorous, scientific, security-oriented review of the field, in this paper we survey and classify methods, applications, and use-cases rooted on short-range audio channels for the provisioning of security services-including Two-Factor Authentication techniques, pairing solutions, device authorization strategies, defense methodologies, and attack schemes. However, while the most promising solutions are turning into valuable commercial products, acoustic channels are also increasingly used to launch attacks against systems and devices, leading to security concerns that could thwart their adoption. Moreover, thanks to their seamless adaptability to the security context, many techniques and tools based on audio signals have been recently proposed. Short-range audio channels have appealing distinguishing characteristics: ease of use, low deployment costs, and easy to tune frequencies, to cite a few.
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